I-Aluminium vs. I-Brass Fire Hydrant Valves: I-OEM Material Selection Guide

Ukukhetha izinto ezifanele ze-valve ye-fire hydrant kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside nokuthembeka. I-aluminium nethusi, izinto ezimbili ezivame kakhulu, zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile. I-Aluminium ayisindi futhi iyabiza, kuyilapho ithusi linikeza amandla aphakeme nokumelana nokugqwala. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-OEM, ukukhethwa kwezinto kuthinta ngqo ukuqina nokusebenza. Izinto zekhwalithi ephezulu, njengezinsimbi ezingagqwali, amavalvu asiza ukumelana nezindawo ezinokhahlo kanye nokusetshenziswa okunwetshiwe. Ukukhetha okungalungile kungaholela ekugqokeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma ekuhlulekeni. I-Aluminium ifanela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga izingxenye ezingasindi, kuyilapho ithusi lihamba phambili ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu ezidinga ukuqina okuthuthukisiwe.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

  • Khetha i-aluminium uma ufuna ama-valve asebenza ngogesi alula futhi ashibhile. Isisindo sayo esincane senza kube lula ukusisebenzisa nokufaka, konga imali emsebenzini.
  • Hamba ngethusi forama-valve aqinile futhi aqinileezimeni ezinzima. I-Brass isebenza kahle ngaphansi kwengcindezi enzima futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
  • Cabanga ngokuvikela ukugqwala lapho ukhetha izinto zokwakha. I-Aluminium inesendlalelo semvelo esivimba ukugqwala, kodwa ithusi lidinga ukunakekelwa ezindaweni ezimanzi.
  • Bhekaizindleko eziphelele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Aluminium ishibhile ukuyithenga nokuyilungisa, kodwa ithusi lihlala isikhathi eside, okungenza inani layo eliphakeme liyifanele.
  • Hlola ukuthi amavalvu alandela imithetho yokuphepha. Qiniseka ukuthi banezitifiketi ezifana ne-UL, FM, ne-ISO ngokuphepha nokwethenjwa.

Impahla Yezinto Zokucisha Amavavu Omlilo

Impahla Yezinto Zokucisha Amavavu Omlilo

Amandla Nokuqina

Amandla E-Aluminium

Uma kuziwa emandleni, i-aluminium inikeza isilinganiso esimangalisayo samandla kuya kwesisindo. Ngokuya ngengxubevange, amandla ayo aqinile asukela ku-70 MPa kuya ku-700 MPa. Lokhu kukwenza kube ukukhetha okuguquguqukayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga izingxenye ezingasindi kodwa eziqinile. Ingxubevange ye-aluminium enamandla amakhulu, njenge-7075-T6, ingadlula ngisho nethusi ngamandla aqinile kuyilapho igcina isisindo esiphansi kakhulu. I-Aluminium iphinde iphumelele ezimweni zokulayisha eziguqukayo, njengoba ukuguquguquka kwayo kuyivumela ukuthi imunce futhi isabalalise kabusha ingcindezi ngempumelelo. Lokhu kuyenza ifaneleke ikakhulukazi ama-valve we-fire hydrant asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinokucindezeleka okukhulu.

Amandla Ethusi

I-Brass, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yaziwa ngamandla ayo aqinile, asukela ku-250 MPa kuya ku-500 MPa. Ukuqina kwayo okumaphakathi nokuqina kwayo kuyenza ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisindayo lapho amandla ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokungafani ne-aluminium, ithusi linikeza ukusebenza okungaguquki ngaphansi kwemithwalo ye-static, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthembekile kwama-valve okushisa umlilo ezimweni ezinzima. Ikhono layo lokumelana nokuguga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi liqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi kuzilungiselelo zezimboni.

Ukumelana Nokugqwala

I-Aluminium's Corrosion Resistance

I-Aluminium igqamile ngenxa yayoukumelana nokugqwala okukhethekile, sibonga ungqimba lwaso lwemvelo lwe-oxide. Lesi sendlalelo esivikelayo sivikela okubalulekile kumswakama nokungcola, okuyenza ilungele izindawo ezingaphandle. Ama-valve we-fire hydrant enziwe nge-aluminium enza kahle ezimeni ezinzima, okuhlanganisa ukuchayeka emvuleni, umswakama, nokungcola. Lokhu kuqina kunciphisa isidingo sokunakekelwa njalo, kuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside.

I-Brass's Corrosion Resistance

I-Brass, nakuba iqinile, isengozini yokungcoliswa futhi ingabi namazi endaweni enomswakama noma ecebile nge-chloride. Lezi zici zinganciphisa ukwakheka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokulungiswa okufanele kanye nezingubo zokuvikela, ithusi lisengakwazi ukusebenza ngempumelelo ezilungiselelweni ezingagqwali kangako. Kuma-valve e-fire hydrant asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezilawulwayo, ithusi lihlala liyindlela esebenzayo.

Isisindo Nokuphatha

Izinzuzo Ezingasindi Ze-Aluminium

Ukuminyana okuphansi kwe-aluminium okungu-2.70 g/cm³ kuyenza ibe lula kakhulu kunethusi. Le mvelo engasindi yenza ukuphatha nokufaka kube lula, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni lapho isisindo siyinto ebalulekile. Ama-valve amapayipi omlilo enziwe nge-aluminium kulula ukuwahambisa nokuwafaka, anciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi kanye nomzamo. Le nzuzo inenzuzo ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi amakhulu noma ezindaweni ezikude.

Isisindo se-Brass

I-Brass, enobukhulu obusuka ku-8.4 ukuya ku-8.7 g/cm³, inzima kakhulu kune-aluminium. Nakuba lesi sisindo esengeziwe sinomthelela emandleni nasekuqineni kwaso, singabeka izinselele ngesikhathi sokuphatha nokufakwa. Ama-valve ama-hydrant omlilo enziwe ngethusi angadinga ukwesekwa okwengeziwe noma imishini yokufaka, okwandisa izindleko zephrojekthi jikelele. Kodwa-ke, isisindo esengeziwe singanikeza nokuzinza kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, okwenza ithusi libe yisinqumo esikhethwayo ezimweni ezithile.

Izindleko Zokucatshangelwa Kwe-Fire Hydrant Valves

Izindleko Zezinto Zokuqala

Izindleko ze-Aluminium

I-Aluminium inikeza aisixazululo esingabizi kakhuluama-valve we-fire hydrant. Ubuningi bayo kanye nokulula kokukhiqizwa kwayo kunomthelela ekufinyeleleni kwayo. Uma iqhathaniswa nethusi, i-aluminium inephuzu lentengo eliphansi, okuyenza ibe inketho ekhangayo kuma-OEMs ahlose ukunciphisa izindleko zokuqala. Ukwengeza, ukugaywa kabusha kwayo kuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo, kunciphisa ubungozi bokuguquguquka kwentengo.

Izindleko Zethusi

Ithusi, nakuba liqinile futhi lithembekile, livame ukuba njaloeqolo ngenxaokuqukethwe kwayo kwethusi kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza edinga amandla. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Ama-valve we-hydrant fire hydrant ngokuvamile asukela ku-$0.15 kuya ku-$5 ucezu ngalunye.
  • Ama-valve e-storz fire hydrant, avame ukusebenzisa ithusi, asukela ku-$12.00 kuya ku-$16.00.

Lezi zindleko eziphezulu zibonisa amandla nokusebenza kwesisetshenziswa kodwa zingase zibe inselele kumaphrojekthi anaka ibhajethi.

Izindleko Zokulungisa Zesikhathi Eside

Ukulungiswa kwamavalvu e-Aluminium

Ama-valve e-aluminium adinga ukulungiswa okuncane ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala kwawo kwemvelo. Ungqimba lwe-oxide olwakha ezindaweni ezingaphezulu ze-aluminium luvikela ekulimaleni kwemvelo, lunciphisa isidingo sokulungisa njalo noma ukushintshwa. Lesi sici senza i-aluminium ibe yinketho eyongayo ukuze isetshenziswe isikhathi eside ezimeni zangaphandle noma ezinomswakama.

Ukulungiswa kwamavalvu Ethusi

Ama-valve ethusi adinga ukunakwa okwengeziwe ukuze agcine ubuqotho bawo. Ezindaweni ezinothe nge-chloride noma eziswakeme kakhulu, ithusi lingase libe ne-dezincification, okwenza into ibe buthaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela kuyadingeka ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila sama-valve okushisa omlilo wethusi. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo ziqinisekisa ukuqina, ziphinde zenyuse izindleko zokunakekela.

I-Lifecycle Value

Isamba Sezindleko Zobunikazi Be-Aluminium

I-Aluminium ihlinzeka ngenani elihle kakhulu lomjikelezo wokuphila ngenxa yezindleko zayo zokuqala eziphansi kanye nezidingo ezincane zokunakekela. Imvelo yayo engasindi inciphisa izindleko zokuhamba nezokufaka, ithuthukise ngokwengeziwe ukonga kwayo kwezindleko. Ukwengeza, ukusimama kwe-aluminium kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kunomthelela ekuthandeni kwayo amaphrojekthi akhathalela imvelo.

Isamba Sezindleko Zobunikazi bakwa-Brass

I-Brass inikeza izindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili kodwa inxephezela ukuqina kwayo nokuthembeka ezinhlelweni ezifunwayo. Naphezu kokudinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe, ikhono layo lokumelana nokuguga liqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside. Ezimbonini ezibeka phambili amandla nokusebenza, ithusi lihlala liwutshalomali olubalulekile.

Ithebula lokuqhathanisa

Isici Ithusi I-Aluminium
Izindleko Zempahla Ibiza kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu zethusi kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi. Kuchichime kakhudlwana futhi kulula ukukhiqiza, kunikela ngamaphoyinti amanani aphansi.
Ukutholakala Ingase ibhekane nezinselelo zokuhlinzeka, ikakhulukazi ama-alloys akhethekile. Igcwele emhlabeni wonke futhi iyasebenziseka kabusha, iqinisekisa ukutholakala kalula kokukhiqizwa kwevolumu ephezulu.
Umthelela Wezemvelo Inqubo yokugaywa kabusha edinga amandla amaningi. Izidingo zamandla aphansi kanye nokugaywa kabusha okungcono, okuwenza uzinze.

Ukufaneleka Kohlelo Lwe-Fire Hydrant Valves

Ukufaneleka Kohlelo Lwe-Fire Hydrant Valves

Izici Zemvelo

I-Aluminium Emazingeni Okushisa Aphakeme

I-Aluminium yenza kahle ezimweni zokushisa ezidlulele ngenxa ye-conductivity yayo enhle kakhulu yokushisa kanye nokumelana nokwanda okushisayo. Lokhu kukwenza kube ukukhetha okuthembekile kwama-valve wepayipi lomlilo elichayeka emazingeni okushisa aguquguqukayo. Ikhono le-aluminium lokususa ukushisa ngokushesha liqinisekisa ukuthi igcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ngisho nasezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ukwengeza, imvelo yayo engasindi yehlisa ingcindezi ezingxenyeni ezixhunyiwe, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwesistimu iyonke.

Ithusi Emazingeni Okushisa Aphakeme

I-Brass inikeza ukuqina okushisayo okuphakeme, okuyenza ifaneleke ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukusebenza okungaguquki ekushiseni okukhulu. Indawo yayo yokuncibilika ephakeme kanye nokuqina kwayo kuyivumela ukuthi imelane nokuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ngaphandle kokukhubazeka. Ama-valve e-Brass fire hydrant asebenza kahle kakhulu kuzilungiselelo zezimboni lapho ukumelana nokushisa kubalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezibandayo, ukuqina kwethusi kungenza kube lula ukuqhekeka ngaphansi kwezinguquko zengcindezi engazelelwe.

Izidingo Zokusebenza

I-Aluminium Yezinhlelo Zokucindezela Okuphezulu

I-Aluminium idlula zonke ezinhlelweni zokucindezela okukhulu ezidinga ukuguquguquka nokumelana nokukhathala. Amandla ayo okumunca futhi asabalalise kabusha ingcindezi ayenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza eziguquguqukayo ezinengcindezi ehlukahlukene kanye namazinga okugeleza. Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zifaka:

  • Ukwakhiwa okulula, okunciphisa ubunzima ohlelweni.
  • Ukumelana nokukhathala okuphezulu, okuqinisekisa ukuqina ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yengcindezi ephindaphindiwe.
  • Isilinganiso esiphezulu samandla nesisindo, esisekela ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu.

I-Brass Yezinhlelo Zokucindezela Okuphezulu

I-Brass iyinto yokuya kuyo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zokulayisha ezimile ezidinga ukuqina nokumelana nokugqoka. Ukuqina kwayo namandla aqinile kuyenza ilungele ama-valve we-heavy-duty fire hydrant asebenza ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu engaguquki. Nakuba ingaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo kune-aluminium, ithusi linikeza ukuqina okungenakuqhathaniswa kumasistimu lapho ukumelana komthelela nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kuyizinto eziza kuqala.

Isici Aluminium Izinzuzo Izinzuzo Zethusi
Amandla Okuqina Amanye ama-alloys e-aluminium anamandla amakhulu angadlula amandla ethusi kuyilapho ilula. Ngokujwayelekile amandla aqinile aphezulu, afanele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinzima.
Ukuqina Ukuqina okuphansi kodwa kulungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuguquguquka. Ubulukhuni obuphakeme, bulungele ukumelana nokugqoka.
Ukuvumelana nezimo Ukuguquguquka okuphakeme kuvumela ukuguquguquka ngaphandle kokuqhekeka, okubalulekile ezinhlelweni eziguqukayo. Iguquguquka kancane, iqinile.
Ukumelana Nokukhathala Ukumelana nokukhathala okungcono ngenxa yekhono layo lokumunca nokusabalalisa kabusha ingcindezi. Ukumelana nokukhathala okuhle, kodwa akuguquguquki kancane.

Izicelo Eziqondene Nemboni

I-Aluminium ku-OEM Izicelo

Ama-valve we-aluminium fire hydrant asetshenziswa kabanzi kuOEM izicelongenxa yemvelo yazo engasindi futhi eyongayo. Afaneleka ngokukhethekile amasistimu adinga izingxenye eziguqukayo noma ukulungiselelwa ngokwezifiso. Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kwe-Aluminium kuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuvumelana nemvelo ezimbonini ezibeka phambili ukusimama.

I-Brass ku-OEM Izicelo

I-Brass ihlala iyinto ekhethwayo yezinhlelo ze-OEM ezidinga ukuqina namandla. Ikhono layo lokumelana nokuguga liyenza ilungele izinhlelo zokuvikela umlilo zezimboni kanye nezinhlelo zokufafaza. Ama-valve e-Brass avame ukukhethwa ngenxa yokuthembeka kwawo ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwamanzi emisebenzini yokucima umlilo.

Uhlobo Lohlelo Lokusebenza Incazelo
Fire Hydrant Systems Lawula ukuhamba kwamanzi emisebenzini yokucisha umlilo.
Sprinkler Systems Lawula ukulethwa kwamanzi kuzo zombili izinhlelo zokucisha umlilo zezentengiselwano nezokuhlala.
Ukuvikelwa Komlilo Wezimboni Isetshenziswa ezikhungweni ezinkulu ukuphatha ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okucisha umlilo ngendlela efanele.
Izixazululo Ngokwezifiso Eyakhelwe imishini ethile yokucisha umlilo noma ukucushwa kwesistimu okuhlukile.

Amazinga Okulawula kanye Nemboni Emavalvu E-Fire Hydrant

Amazinga Afanele

Amazinga we-API

Ngihlale ngigcizelela ukubaluleka kokunamathela ezindinganisweni ze-API (American Petroleum Institute) lapho kukhethwa izinto zokwakha ama-valve omthombo womlilo. Lawa mazinga aqinisekisa ukuthi ama-valve ahlangabezana nokusebenza okuqinile nezilinganiso zokuphepha. Ama-valve aqinisekisiwe we-API abonisa ukwethembeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo nezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kuma-OEM, ukuthobelana nezindinganiso ze-API kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-valve angakwazi ukubhekana nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima ngaphandle kokufaka engozini ukuphepha.

I-JIS kanye ne-BS Standards

Ngokungeziwe ku-API, ngivame ukuncoma ukucabangela izitifiketi ze-JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) kanye ne-BS (British Standards). Amazinga e-JIS agxila ekunembeni nekhwalithi, awenze afaneleke ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga ukunemba okuqinile kobukhulu. Amazinga e-BS, ngakolunye uhlangothi, agcizelela ukuqina nokuphepha, ikakhulukazi ezimeni zezimboni nomasipala. Ngokuhlangabezana nalezi zilinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe, ama-valve we-fire hydrant azuza ukwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nokwethenjwa kuzo zonke izimakethe ezihlukahlukene.

Izitifiketi Nokuthobelana

Izitifiketi ze-Aluminium Valve

Amavalvu e-aluminium kufanele ahambisane nezitifiketi ezifana ne-UL (Underwriters Laboratories), FM (Factory Mutual), kanye ne-ISO (International Organization for Standardization). Lezi zitifiketi ziqinisekisa amandla ama-valve okumelana nengcindezi yendawo kanye nokugcina ukusebenza ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngithola ukuthi izitifiketi ze-UL neze-FM zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha emlilweni, kuyilapho amazinga e-ISO eqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuvumelana kwamavalvu. Ukungathobeli kungaholela ezingozini zokuphepha nezinselele zomthetho, ngakho-ke ngihlala ngibeka kuqala imikhiqizo enesitifiketi.

Izitifiketi Ze-Valve Yethusi

Amavalvu ethusi nawo adinga izitifiketi ze-UL, FM, ne-ISO ukuze ahlangabezane nokulindelwe yimboni. Lezi zitifiketi ziqinisekisa ukuthi ama-valve angakwazi ukubekezelela izimo ezinzima, kuhlanganise nokucindezela okuphezulu kanye nezindawo ezibolayo. Ngivame ukugqamisa ukuthi ama-valve ethusi analezi zitifiketi anikeza ukwethembeka okuthuthukisiwe nokuhlala isikhathi eside. Kuma-OEM, ukutshala imali kumavalvu ethusi aqinisekisiwe kunciphisa ubungozi bokusebenza futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nezidingo zokulawula.

Ithiphu: Ngaso sonke isikhathi qinisekisa ukuthi amavaluvu akho epayipi lomlilo aphethe izitifiketi ezidingekayo. Lesi sinyathelo asiqinisekisi ukuphepha kuphela kodwa futhi sivikela ezikweletini ezingaba khona.


I-Aluminium nethusi kunikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile zama-valve we-fire hydrant. I-Aluminium ihlinzeka ngokwakhiwa okungasindi, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, okuyenza ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinamandla noma ezinkulu. I-Brass, namandla ayo aphakeme nokuqina, ihamba phambili ezindaweni ezidinga ukwethembeka ezidinga ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside. Ama-OEM kufanele abeke phambili izinto ezihlangabezana namazinga omkhakha afana nezitifiketi ze-UL, FM, noma ze-ISO ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuhambisana. Ukukhetha izinsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala kuthuthukisa ukuqina, kunciphisa izindleko zokuzilungisa, futhi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwesistimu. Ukuqondanisa ukukhetha kwezinto ezibonakalayo nezinjongo zokusebenza kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.

FAQ

Uyini umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-valve e-aluminium kanye nama-valve omlilo wethusi?

Amavalvu e-aluminium alula, ayabiza, futhi awakwazi ukugqwala, okuwenza alungele ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Amavalvu ethusi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, anikeza amandla aphakeme, ukuqina, nokuzinza kwe-thermal, ehamba phambili ezindaweni ezidinga kakhulu. Ngincoma ukukhetha ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zakho ezithile zokusebenza kanye nezimo zemvelo.

Nginquma kanjani ukuthi ikuphi okubalulekile engikusebenzisayo?

Cabangela izici ezifana nokuchayeka kwemvelo, izimfuno zengcindezi, kanye nesabelomali. I-Aluminium ifanelana nezidingo ezingasindi, ezimelana nokugqwala, kuyilapho ithusi lisebenza kangcono kumasistimu asindayo, anengcindezi ephezulu. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ngeluleka ukuvumelanisa ukukhetha kwempahla nemigomo yakho yokusebenza kanye namazinga omkhakha ukuze usebenze kahle.

Ingabe ama-valve e-aluminium fire hydrant ahlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze asetshenziswe ngaphandle?

Yebo, ama-valve e-aluminium asebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphandle. Ungqimba lwazo lwemvelo lwe-oxide luvikela umswakama, ukungcola, nokugqwala. Ngizithola zisebenza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma ezinemvula, lapho zidinga ukulungiswa okuncane futhi zinikeza ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside.

Ingabe amavalvu ethusi adinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kunamavalvu e-aluminium?

Amavalvu ethusi adinga ukuhlolwa njalo kanye nezingubo zokuvikela, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinothe nge-chloride noma ezinomswakama, ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubola. Amavalvu e-aluminium, anokumelana nokugqwala kwawo okungokwemvelo, adinga ukunakekelwa kancane. Ngincoma ukuthi uhlole izindleko zokulungisa lapho ukhetha impahla yama-valve akho okukhipha umlilo.

Ingabe womabili amavalvu e-aluminium nawethusi angahlangabezana nezindinganiso zomkhakha?

Nakanjani. Zombili izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingathobela izitifiketi ezifana ne-API, i-JIS, i-BS, i-UL, i-FM, ne-ISO. Ngihlala ngigcizelela ukuqinisekiswa kwezitifiketi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha, ukwethembeka, nokuhambisana nezidingo zokulawula. Ama-valve aqinisekisiwe aqinisekisa ukusebenza futhi anciphisa izingozi zokusebenza.


Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-08-2025